![]() The difference of sexual reproduction and unisexual gynogenesis is likely related to some unknown regulatory mechanisms. It is estimated that a male ratio of about 20% in gibel carp population are produced from the sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction, the minor mode, generates sexual triploid progenies. Therefore, the heterologous sperm does not contribute genetically to the offspring. In gynogenesis, gibel carp egg development is activated by sperm of other fish, but the incorporated sperm nucleus is kept in condensation and fails to form a male pronucleus. Gynogenesis by heterogeneous spermatozoa activation is the dominant mode of reproduction and produces all female triploid offspring. It possesses 156–162 chromosomes and has dual reproduction modes of unisexual gynogenesis and sexual reproduction. Gibel carp is believed to have originated by the ancient hybridization of a diploid female crucian carp gamete and a male common carp genome gamete. According to current taxonomy, the triploid individuals belong to the subspecies Carassius auratus gibelio, also named gibel carp, silver crucian carp, or prussian carp. In the sexual reproduction, the sperm nuclei are able to transform into male pronuclei and fuse with the eggs. The diploid form has 100 chromosomes and reproduces sexually. The diploids and the triploids are quite similar morphologically but differ markedly in their modes of reproduction. The transcriptomes provide information on genetic diversity and genomic differences, which should assist future studies in functional genomics.Ĭarassius auratus complex is characterized by the coexistence of sexual diploids and unisexual triploids. Differential expression analysis identified highly expressed genes in gibel carp. Molecular function and pathway comparisons suggested few gene expansions between them, except for the progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation pathway, which is enriched in gibel carp. Microsatellite genotyping in each individual from the gibel carp population indicated that most gibel carp genes were not tri-allelic. Estimation of the synonymous substitution rate in the orthologous pairs indicated that the hybridization of gibel carp occurred 2.2 million years ago. ![]() Genes were identified using homology searches and an ab initio method. We generated transcriptomes for the unisexual and sexual populations. Investigation of their genomic differences will be useful to study genome diversity and the development of reproductive mode. These two forms are similar morphologically but differ markedly in their modes of reproduction. In Carassius auratus, sexual diploids and unisexual triploids coexist. However, the extent of genetic diversity resulting from hybridization and the genomic differences that determine the type of reproduction are poorly understood. Unisexual animals have originated largely by hybridization, which tends to elevate their heterozygosity. Significant differentially expressed genes were those with a p <0.05 and fold change of <☒.Both sexual reproduction and unisexual reproduction are adaptive strategies for species survival and evolution. For DGE statistical significance was determined using the EDGE test in CLC Genomics Workbench. For RT-qPCRs, statistical significance was determined using Students’ t-test. (A-E) represent 3 biological replicates ± SD, n = 3. Downregulated genes are shown on top in yellow and upregulated genes are shown on the bottom in blue. (E) Ingenuity pathway analysis of gene expression changes in RAW 264.7 macrophages infected with R. (D) RT-qPCR validation of upregulated genes ( Lif, Nlrp3) and downregulated genes ( Mafb, S1pr1) in RAW 264.7 macrophages at 4 and 8h post infection with R. Blue genes are upregulated in infected cells, yellow genes are downregulated in infected cells. ![]() equi or Mtb compared to uninfected cells. (C) Heatmap showing gene expression analysis of RAW 264.7 macrophages infected for 4h with R. Upregulated genes are shown in the left Venn diagram and downregulated genes are shown in the right. (B) Venn diagram comparing differentially expressed genes in RAW 264.7 genes during R. Downregulated genes are plotted on the left and upregulated genes are on the right. x axis shows fold change of gene expression and y axis shows statistical significance. (A) Volcano plot showing gene expression analysis of RAW 264.7 macrophages infected with R. RNA-seq analysis reveals upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon response genes in R. The opportunistic intracellular bacterial pathogen Rhodococcus equi elicits type I interferon by engaging cytosolic DNA sensing in macrophages Fig 2 ![]()
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